See the story. See the proof.
The BEFORE TILL Evidence Standard
Every historical claim in this archive carries a status. Nothing is asserted without one. Change the layer below and history changes with it.
The five statuses
What each status means
Direct documentary evidence supports the claim.
12 claims currently carry this status
Multiple independent pieces of evidence support the conclusion.
5 claims currently carry this status
The story has been preserved through family memory, oral history, or later family accounts but has not yet been independently established.
7 claims currently carry this status
Evidence is incomplete, conflicting, or actively being researched.
32 claims currently carry this status
Earlier family or public accounts conflict with stronger evidence and have been revised.
0 claims currently carry this status
Evidence layers
Filter the archive
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00557A Hillyard and an Agnes in the same Virginia estate, 1831
Not yet reviewed
- Corroborated
BT-CLM-00403Bettie was formerly enslaved by H. G. D. Brown at Lucky Hit.
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00381Which records for Magnolia Gordon-Carter can be published?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00380What is the documented life chronology of Kermit Gordon?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00379Who was Amanda Smith?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00382Which of the founder's own records may appear in the archive?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00347Are Alma Smith Carthan and Alma Smith Spearman the same person?
Not yet reviewed
- Documented
BT-CLM-00344Who was George Smith's wife?
Last reviewed August 20, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00348What records document the Carthan household's move from Mississippi to Chicago?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00346Whom did Alma Smith Carthan marry, and when?
Not yet reviewed
- Documented
BT-CLM-00345When did George Smith leave Mississippi?
Last reviewed August 20, 2026
- Documented
BT-CLM-00343When was George Smith born, when did he die, and where is he buried?
Last reviewed August 20, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00349What record establishes Emmett Louis Till's father?
Not yet reviewed
- Family Tradition
BT-CLM-00329How did the founder's surname change from Harris to Carter?
Not yet reviewed
- Family Tradition
BT-CLM-00331Who was named as father on the founder's original birth certificate, and why?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00283Was Mamie Till-Mobley a daughter of Alma Carthan?
Not yet reviewed
- Family Tradition
BT-CLM-00304Is Amberly R. Carter-Mills a child of Magnolia Gordon-Carter?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00300Was Magnolia Gordon-Carter a child of Kermit Gordon?
Not yet reviewed
- Documented
BT-CLM-00274Was George Smith a son of John and Laura Smith?
Last reviewed August 20, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00296Was Kermit Gordon a child of Amanda Smith?
Not yet reviewed
- Family Tradition
BT-CLM-00291Was Amanda Smith a daughter of John and Laura Smith?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00287Was Emmett Louis Till the son of Mamie Till-Mobley?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00279Was Alma Smith Carthan a daughter of George Smith?
Not yet reviewed
- Corroborated
BT-CLM-00231Laura Tolliver and John Smith were husband and wife.
Not yet reviewed
- Documented
BT-CLM-00232When did Laura Tolliver and John Smith marry?
Last reviewed August 20, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00176Did the separation last approximately five years?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00178Did Bettie's enslavers repurchase Hilliard?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00179Was any repurchase motivated by Bettie's grief?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Documented
BT-CLM-00169Hilliard and Bettie were living in Union County, Kentucky by 1880.
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Documented
BT-CLM-00168Were Hilliard and Bettie living together by 1870?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00166Was H. G. D. Brown the buyer of Hilliard in the 1856 sale?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Documented
BT-CLM-00165Hilliard was sold in 1856 for $1,200.
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00164Was Hilliard moved to Chicot County, Arkansas after the 1855 estate division?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Documented
BT-CLM-00163Hilliard was transferred through the William Q. Taliaferro estate division to Susan and George Read in 1855.
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Documented
BT-CLM-00162Hilliard remained in Taliaferro estate proceedings through 1855.
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Documented
BT-CLM-00161Hilliard was enslaved in the William Q. Taliaferro estate by 1840.
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00175Was Hilliard separated from Bettie after a sale?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Family Tradition
BT-CLM-00174Did Bettie and a grandson named Joelie later live with John and Laura Tolliver Smith?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Corroborated
BT-CLM-00167Hilliard was formerly enslaved by H. G. D. Brown.
Last reviewed August 20, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00177Was Hilliard taken to Arkansas during the separation?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Family Tradition
BT-CLM-00173Hilliard died about 1900.
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00172Who was C. A. Talliferro?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00171Could Peggy Hinz have been Hilliard's sister?
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Documented
BT-CLM-00170Hilliard accumulated taxable personal property after emancipation.
Last reviewed August 9, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00086What do census records indicate about Laura Tolliver Smith's literacy?
Last reviewed August 8, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00089Did John and Laura Smith own an approximately 80-acre farm?
Last reviewed August 8, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00088Did Laura and John Smith provide hospitality and support to Bishop C. H. Mason around 1897?
Last reviewed August 8, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00087How many children did John and Laura Smith raise?
Last reviewed August 8, 2026
- Corroborated
BT-CLM-00084Laura Tolliver was formerly enslaved by H. G. D. Brown.
Last reviewed August 20, 2026
- Corroborated
BT-CLM-00085Laura Tolliver was formerly enslaved on H. G. D. Brown's Lucky Hit plantation.
Last reviewed August 20, 2026
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00020Who were Bettie's parents?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00018Why was Bettie known as "Alexander"?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00019Who were Hilliard's parents?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00017Can the family's reported connection to Bishop C. H. Mason be independently corroborated?
Not yet reviewed
- Family Tradition
BT-CLM-00016Can the reported separation of Hilliard and Bettie after Hilliard was sold away be documented?
Not yet reviewed
- Under Investigation
BT-CLM-00006Did Laura Tolliver attend "Vicksburg College"?
Last reviewed August 8, 2026